A: The first edition of Andy Tanenbaum's Operating Systems Design and Implementation included an Introduction to C appendix. Alas, with a much bigger Minix 2.0 there was no room for this in the OSDI 2nd ed. It's also a bit out of date, as it describes the original version of C (often referred to as "K&R C") defined in the 1978 first edition of The C Programming Language by Brian Kernighan and Dennis Ritchie. The 1988 second edition describes "ANSI C" or "Standard C" which is the reference language for implementing POSIX, although the POSIX standard allows "Common Usage C" using pre-standard features. After the OSDI 2nd ed. text, a copy of The C Programming Language, 2nd ed. is the most useful book you can own to understand or program in Minix.
A: A classic book is Brian Kernighan and Rob Pike's Unix Programming Environment, unfortunately now out of print, but check Amazon.com or other sources of used books. This book emphasizes the use of small programs that do parts of large jobs, and suggests starting with shell scripts, replacing standard commands in the script with custom C programs as needed until the overall system is able to the job at hand well enough. The same authors' newer book The Practice of Programming (1999) is also of interest, although probably not as useful to a beginning programmer. W. Richard Stevens' Advanced Programming in the UNIX(R) Environment is another book with a wealth of information about how to use the resources provided by a Unix-like environment, but it also is not a beginner's book.
I recommend looking at Hacking 101: Becoming Productive Quickly in the UNIX World, written by Philip Fong. It was written with Linux users in mind, but much of it is relevant to the Minix world as well.
Eric Raymond's The Art of Unix Programming. can be read on-line, or as a paperback book from Addison-Wesley. This is not a programming text, there is no code in it. As one review on the Amazon site put it, "This book is as much about using Unix as it is about programming with Unix."
A: The Minix shell, ash, is similar to bash, the standard shell in most Linux distributions. A series of articles on Bash by example is well worth a look, although not everything is applicable to Minix. If you are willing to buy a big book the Unix Power Tools compendium (Shelley Powers, Jerry Peek, and numerous other authors and contributors) gives lots of hints on using Unix shells and commands and has several chapters on scripts. Hint: the current edition of Unix Power Tools is the 3rd. If you find a discounted 2nd edition at 1/3rd of the price you may find this an attractive bargain. The information doesn't go stale, and for the Minix text-based console environment an older reference may be good enough.
Even though at the start you may think that your programs on your little non-networked Minix system will never be a security threat, it is a good idea to learn a little bit about secure programming early in your programming career. Two useful references are the Secure UNIX Programming FAQ maintained by Thamer Al-Herbish, and the Secure Programming for Linux and Unix HOWTO by David A. Wheeler
The Minix operating system itself and the various utilities and programs that are part of the Minix distribution are written in C, and the distribution includes a C compiler. In fact, Minix also provides compilers for Pascal and Modula2; the compilers were constructed using the Amsterdam Compiler Kit, known as ACK[B. A "front end" for each language produces intermediate code which is compiled to assembly language by the rest of the compiler system. See the cc(1), pc(1), m2(1) and the ACK(7) man pages for more information.
The ACK license is similar to the Minix license. For more information about ACK see the Amsterdam Compiler Kit Information Sheet which includes a link to the ftp site for download of the compiler source code.
The complete ACK is portable to many systems. If you just want to use it on Minix, source code for the Minix 32-bit version of ACK is available at Michael Kennet's website.
There are other programming options in Minix:
A: No, not as such (* but see below). Minix assembly language uses a syntax that is derived from the assembly language of other Unix systems, and as such looks a little strange at first to those who are used to Microsoft MASM and similar assemblers. There are several documents about Minix assembly language which may be helpful here:
A: Randall Hyde's The Art of Assembly Language Programming website site offers downloads of versions of his assembly programming text in three flavors: for 16-bit DOS, for 32-bit Windows, and for 32-bit Linux. There's a lot of other interesting stuff on this site.
A: This answer was extracted from a comment on comp.os.minix:
From: kjb=733301@cs.vu.nl (Kees J Bot) Subject: Re: MMX/3DNow support was RE: MINIX Development? Date: Wed, 23 Jul 2003 20:15:03 +0200
This is really a hardware floating point issue, because the MMX registers share the FP registers. This was done so that MMX unaware OSen can still support MMX programs, because when they save and restore the FP registers then the MMX state is also saved and restored if that happens to be what the FP registers are used for.
This saving and restoring is what Minix doesn't do. So if two processes use FP/MMX then a context switch from one to the other will clobber the FP state of both.
What is needed to make this work is a trap handler that reacts to the use of FP, so that Minix can save the FP state of the process that last used FP and load the FP state of the current process. On a context switch Minix merely sets the "don't use FP" bit in some register.
Costs? One FP interrupt handler, some FP save/restore/setup code, some memory per process to store the FP state into, and some memory to store the FP state when a user process catches a signal. (Not sure about the signal business, much check with Philip.) This isn't much work, we can simply take Minix-vmd's code, but I haven't seen any need yet. Minix has to use software FP as distributed, or it won't run on your old 386, so Minix itself doesn't need it.
Anyone here who wants to use Minix for some heavy number crunching? If so then I could be persuaded to add an ENABLE_FPU to the next release, by default off. I don't care about MMX, that's way too exotic for Minix.
A: Assembly language files for Minix sometimes use inconsistent syntax. The question was discussed in this exchange on the comp.os.minix newsgroup during May and June, 2004.